LUS QHIA TXOG KEEB KWM ntawm VIETNAMESE TSO CAI - Tshooj 1

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Donny Truong¹
Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm George Mason University

TAW qHIA

    Kuv lub hom phiaj rau thawj tsab ntawv yog txhawb nqa Nyablaj typographyCov. Luam tawm thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2015 ua kuv qhov lus kawg rau tus tswv ntawm kev kos duab hauv kev tsim duab los ntawm Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm George Mason University, phau ntawv no tau dhau los ua cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev tsim qauv Nyab Laj cov ntawv Hmoob.

     Muaj ntau tus neeg tsim qauv siv phau ntawv no los pab lawv kom nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom ntawv hauv Nyablaj. Lawv kawm cov ncauj lus paub meej thiab cov nuances ntawm lub Nyablaj sau ntawv txawm tias lawv tsis hais lossis sau cov lus. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau txais txoj kev ntseeg siab dua rau ntawm kev tsim qauv sau ntawv, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nyeem kom pom tseeb thiab nyeem tau Nyab Laj cov lus.

    Cov cim sau yog cov cim lus qhia uas ua rau cov nyeem nyeem nkag siab lub ntsiab ntawm qee lo lus. Yog tias tsis muaj lub suab meej thiab raug, cov ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem ua rau lub suab thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam. Yog tsis muaj lawv, sau ntawv sib txuas lus yog distorted. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntsiab lus qub ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yog obscured.

    Txij li thaum tso tawm phau ntawv no, kuv tau qhia tswv yim rau cov neeg tsim qauv hauv kev nthuav tawm lawv cov ntaus ntawv los txhawb cov neeg Nyablaj. Hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lawv, Kuv tau txais kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv txog cov teeb meem thiab kev tsis meej pem uas lawv tau ntsib. Kuv tsis muaj dabtsi tab sis muaj kev paub zoo thiab txhawb nqa tau ua haujlwm nrog lawv. Kuv txaus siab rau txoj kev saib xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas lawv tau mob siab rau ua paj ntaub hais lus rau cov neeg Nyab Laj.

    Txhawm rau qhia kuv txoj kev txaus siab rau hom zej zog, Kuv tau hloov kho thiab nthuav tawm thib ob los muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua ntxiv, muab ntau yam piv txwv, thiab muaj cov ntaus cim ntau dua nyob hauv Nyab Laj.

KEEB KWM

    Los ntawm 207 BC rau 939 AD, txoj cai ntawm ntau haiv neeg suav neeg ua hauj lwm tau cuam tshuam rau Nyab Laj kab lis kev cai thiab ntaub ntawv. Vim li ntawd, tus nom Nyab Laj cov lus tau sau nyob rau hauv Keeb Kwm Suav (chho Neej) ua ntej kev txhim kho haiv Sau ntawv nyab laj (chô Nim) thiab kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov Latin niam ntawv (Qunqi ng)².

CHO NCO

   Hauv qab tswj hwm ntawm Suav ntawm cuaj pua xyoo, Nyab Laj cov ntaub ntawv tseem hwv tau sau hauv Suav tswv yim hu ua nco Nho (kws tshawb fawb 'tsab ntawv), tseem xa mus rau raws li Chaw Hán (Han tsab ntawv)). Txawm tom qab Nyab Laj tshaj tawm hais tias nws muaj kev ywj pheej xyoo 939, nco Nho yog cov lus sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv kom txog rau thaum pib xyoo nees nkaum. Chaw Nho tseem siv niaj hnub no hauv calligraphic banners rau cov sijhawm ib txwm xws li cov kev ua si lom zem, kev pam tuag, Lunar Xyoo Tshiab (Tet), thiab kab tshoob kev kos. Txawm hais tias nco Nho tau tuav hauv kev saib siab-vim hais tias tau nco Nho kev txawj nyeem ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog, kev nplua nuj, thiab kev muaj suab npe - cov neeg kawm ntawv Nyablaj xav tsim kho lawv li kev sau ntawv hu ua chaw Nim³.

CHỮ QUỐC NGỮ

    Lub Romanization ntawm lub Nyablaj sau ntawv pib hauv xyoo pua kaum xya thaum Catholic cov tub txib xav tau cov vaj lug kub xa lawv cov neeg hloov siab los ntseeg tshiab. Raws li chaw Nim tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab muaj lub meej mom, cov tub txib xav qhia cov ntawv kev ntseeg rau cov neeg dav dav, suav nrog cov neeg qis dua uas tsis tau nyeem. Nim cov duab.

     In 1624, Fab Kis Jesuit thiab Kws Txhais Lus Alexandre tsib Rhodes pib nws txoj haujlwm hauv Cochinchina qhov uas nws tau ntsib Portuguese Jesuit Francisco tsib Pina thiab kawm lus Nyablaj ntawm tej lus ceev ceev. Hauv rau lub hlis, Rhodes kawm cov lus zoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, Pina tuag hauv lub nkoj tuag hauv Đà Nẵng ib xyoo tom qab. Rhodes tau mus nrog nws txoj haujlwm tshaj tawm thiab tau siv kaum ob xyoo mloog cov neeg hauv zos.

   In 1651, XNUMX xyoo tom qab nws tau tawm hauv Nyab Laj, Rhodes luam tawm Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum thiab Latinum thiab cov Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Lus Hais TxogCov. Txawm hais tias nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm pw hauv txoj haujlwm rau Txaus ntshai (lus teb), Rhodes tsis yog thawj tus tsim ntawm Romanization. Nws ua haujlwm tau zoo raws li Pina tus qauv, uas tau tshoov los ntawm Txiv Plig João Rodrigues tus txheej txheem sau ntawv Romanized Nyablaj. Leej Txiv Rodrigues kev tsim muaj ntxiv tau txhim kho thiab txhim kho los ntawm Portuguese Jesuit Gaspar ua Amaral, Portuguese Jesuit Antonio Barbosa: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?, thiab Fabkis Jesuit Alexandre tsib Rhodes.⁵

    In 1773, ntau tshaj 100 xyoo tom qab, Fabkis Jesuit Pierre-Joseph-Georges Pigneau de Béhaine luam tawm Phau ntawv txhais lus Anamitico-Latinum nyob rau hauv Latin, Nim ntawv sau, thiab Txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv 1838, Npisov Jean-Louis Taberd taug qab nrog Phau ntawv txhais lus Anamitico-Latinum, uas tau ua raws li Pigneau de Béhaine txoj haujlwm. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyuam qhuav siv lub npe tshiab sau ntawv Nyab Laj yog Philipphê Bỉnh, yog ib tug xibhwb Nyablaj uas tuaj nyob tebchaws Portugal. Thaum nws muaj peb caug xyoo hauv Portugal, Bỉnh tau sau ntau tshaj nees nkaum ib phau ntawv nyob hauv Txaus ntshaiCov. Nws sau ntawv qhia tias Txaus ntshai tau pib coj qhov zoo.

    Tsis zoo li chaw Nim, uas yuav tsum muaj kev kawm ntau thiab kev xyaum ua kom tau zoo, kev tsim cov ntawv Latin-based tshiab yog kev ncaj, nrhiav tau, thiab siv tau. Cov neeg Nyab Laj muaj peev xwm kawm nyeem thiab sau lawv tus kheej lus nyob rau ob peb lub lim tiam es tsis txhob siv ntau xyoo. Txawm hais tias Txaus ntshai ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm kev paub thiab kev kawm rau cov neeg coob, nws tsis dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv kev cai lij choj kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua nees nkaum xyoo raws li Fabkis txoj cai tswj hwm (1864-1945).

     Qhov sawv ntawm Latin-based kev sau ntawv tau qhib qhov rooj rau kev kawm thiab luam tawm ntawv tshaj tawm. Gia Định Báo (報 報), cov thawj zaug ntawv xov xwm nyob rau Nyab Laj teb, luam tawm nws thawj qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Txaus ntshai lub Plaub Hlis 15, 1865. Nyob hauv Tus Thawj Coj Trương Vĩnh Ký thiab Editor-In-Chief Huỳnh Tinh Của, Gia Định Báo lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb cov neeg Nyablaj kom kawm Txaus ntshaiCov. Trương Vĩnh Ký tau sau tshaj 118 qhov kev tshaj tawm txog kev tshawb fawb los sau ntawv rau cov txhais lus. Xyoo 1895, Gia Định Báo tso Huỳnh Tịnh Của Nami Nam quốc âm tự vị, thawj phau ntawv txhais lus sau los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse lus Nyab Laj rau cov neeg Nyab Laj.

     In 1907, Kws tshawb fawb neeg Nyab Laj xws li Lương Văn Can, Nguyễn Quyền, Thiab Dương Bá Trạc qhib Kng Kinh nghĩa thục, lub tsev qhia ntawv-dawb hauv Hà Nội pab txhim kho lub tebchaws. Hauv kev paub txog qhov zoo ntawm Txaus ntshai, uas yooj yim nyeem thiab sau ntawv, tsev kawm ntawv tau siv txheej txheem Romanized sau ntawv los luam tawm phau ntawv, ntawv sau, thiab ntawv xov xwm (ĐăĐă cổ Tùng báo thiab Ệi Việt Tân báo).

     Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm hauv 1907, Tus sau xov xwm Nguyen Van Vinh qhib thawj lub tuam txhab luam ntawv thiab luam tawm thawj cov ntawv xov xwm ywj pheej hu ua ĐăĐă cổ tùng báo hauv Hà Nội. Xyoo 1913, nws tau tshaj tawm Đô dương Tạp chí mus hais tawm Txaus ntshaiCov. Ob qho tib si Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh thiab Trương Vĩnh Ký tau paub tias yog cov neeg yawg koob ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Nyab Laj.

     Los ntawm 1917 rau 1934, Txawj sau ntawv Pham Quỳnh pab txhawb ntau yam ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab kev ntseeg hauv nws tus kheej cov ntawv hu ua Nam Phong tạp chíCov. Nws kuj tau txhais ntau zaj lus Fab Kis rau hauv Txaus ntshai.

     In 1933, lub sib sau ntawm Thov Pab Txhawb Nqa (Kev Ua Yus Tus Kheej Yus Tus Kheej Cov Lus Yeej) khav theeb kev hloov zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Nyab Laj. Cov pab pawg muaj kev tshawb fawb, uas ua los ntawm Nthuav Linh, Khi Hưng, Hoàng Tso, Thuam Lam, TúMỡ, Qhov no, Thiab Xuan Diệu, nrov Txaus ntshai los ntawm lawv kev qhia meej, sau ntawv Nyab Laj yooj yim. Lawv luam tawm ob zaug ntawv xov xwm (Phong hais thiab Tsis yog), cov paj huam niaj hnub no, thiab cov dab neeg tsis cuam tshuam raws li cov ntawv Suav keeb kwm.

    Txawm hais tias cov tub txib Fabkis thiab Portuguese pib qhov kev sau ntawv Romanized, cov neeg sau xov xwm Nyablaj, cov kws sau paj huam, cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau txhim kho, ua tiav, thiab tsim Txaus ntshai mus rau qhov ua tau zoo, hais lus zoo, cov kab ke sau ntawv. Hnub no, Txaus ntshai, kuj hu ua qhov chaw (tus qauv ntawv), yog tus tswv orthography ntawm Nyab Laj Teb⁶.

… Txuas ntxiv rau ntu 2…

PAJ MUAS TU THU
01 / 2020

CEEB TOOM:
1: Hais txog tus kws sau ntawv: Donny Trương yog tus tsim qauv nrog kev mob siab rau kev nyeem ntawv thiab lub vev xaib. Nws tau txais nws tus tswv ntawm kev kos duab kos duab los ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Txuj Ci ntawm George Mason University. Nws kuj yog tus sau ntawm Kev Siv Web Web Typography.
Bold cov lus thiab cov duab sepia tau teeb tsa ntawm Ban Tu Thu - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com

KOJ NTXIV:
◊  LUS QHIA TXOG KEEB KWM ntawm VIETNAMESE TSO CAI - Tshooj 2
◊  LUS QHIA TXOG KEEB KWM ntawm VIETNAMESE TSO CAI - Tshooj 3
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