Vietnam, Civilization thiab Culture - CRAFTSMEN
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Los ntawm PIERRE HUARD1
(Honour Member ntawm École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
thiab SAU NKAUJ DURAND2
(Tus tswv cuab ntawm École Française d'Extrême-Orient3)
Revised 3rd edition 1998, Imprimerie Lub Tebchaws Paris,
Bnyob ntawm cov devoting lawv tus kheej rau alimentation thiab khaub ncaws hom kev kawm (saib tshooj XIV, XV, XVI), cov craftsmen tej zaum yuav muab faib raws li nram no:
1° Craftsmen ua hauj lwm ntawm hlau (tinmen, bronze-founders, jewellers, niellists, npib casters, caj npab manufacturers);
2° Ceramic craftsmen (cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam, cov neeg tsim khoom hauv av, cov khoom lag luam plooj (porcelain), cov pobzeb-makers, cib-makers);
3 ° Craftsmen ua haujlwm ntawm ntoo (cov neeg koom nrog, cov neeg tsim khoom, cov kws ntoo, cov tshuab luam ntawv, cov neeg tsim ntawv, cov kws ntoo marine, sculptors);
4° Craftsmen ua tej hauj lwm textile (cov paj rwb, jute, ramie los yog silk weavers, pob tawb-makers, sail-makers, hlua-makers, parasol makers, lev-makers, hnab-makers, dig muag-makers, kaus mom-makers, cloak-makers thiab hammock-makers);
5° Craftsmen ua hauj lwm ntawm tawv (cov tanners thiab khau-makers);
6° Lacquerware craftsmen;
7 ° Ntoo thiab pob zeb sculptors;
8 ° Craftsmen ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plhaub, horn thiab ivory;
9° Craftsmen tsim khoom ntawm kev pe hawm.
A Feem ntau ntawm cov craftsmen no yog cov neeg ua haujlwm dawb. Tab sis cov Tsev Hais Plaub Huế Tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm tus kws kos duab los ntawm tus kws tsim khoom thiab muaj cov kev cob qhia hauv lub xeev muaj xws li embroiderers, inlayers, niellists, lacquerers, sculptors, ivory-workers thiab jewellers.
Vietnamese cov cuab yeej yog yooj yim, lub teeb, yooj yim los ua, zoo kawg nkaus yoog rau cov teeb meem uas tus neeg txawj ntse yuav tsum tau daws nyob rau hauv ua siab ntev thiab tsis sim economize nws lub sij hawm.
SCov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov bolts feem ntau yog hloov los ntawm cov ntoo-pob zeb. Cov cuab yeej siv tam sim no yog: levers, trestles, wood-splitting wedges, weding press, [Page 188] toothed wheels, qag-ntoo thiab locomotory log, hydraulic quab yuam (dej-mills, mov-husking pounders), pedal human motors, sowing-harrows, me log thiab pistons (uas lub hauv paus chiv keeb zoo li rov qab mus rau sab qab teb-oriental hluavtaws kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv uas Sino-Vietnamese kab lis kev cai yuav tau tshwj xeeb nws tus kheej).
Mercier tau hais txog cov cuab yeej zoo li no. Tab sis, peb nyob deb ntawm muaj, ntawm cov ncauj lus no, qhov sib npaug rau Rudolf Hummer's Tuam Tshoj tom hauj lwm.
Craftsmen yog tib lub sij hawm tradesmen. Zoo li Loos thiab cov neeg nyob sab Europe nruab nrab, lawv khaws lawv cov nyiaj tsis siv tus cwj mem thiab tus lej suav. Xws li kev suav raug hloov los ntawm Suav abacus. Ib tug cwj pwm rau Luong The Vinh (tus kws kho mob hauv 1463) ib qho kev ua lej lej hu ua "Toán pháp đại thành" (Ua tiav txoj kev suav) uas tuaj yeem yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Vũ Hũu, ib tug ntawm nws contemporaries, kho nrog kev siv ntawm abacus. Cov tub lag luam Suav tseem siv cov abacus, tab sis lawv cov npoj yaig Nyab Laj zoo li tau tso tseg. Despierres tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ntawm nws.
Shop-cov cim qee zaum qhia cov tswv lub npe. Lawv feem ntau rov tsim dua lub npe lag luam, suav nrog ob, qee zaum ntawm peb lub cim suav (los yog lawv cov ntawv sau Latin) suav tias yog hmoov zoo.
Tnws cim xương ( suav sau ua lus suav ) uas txhais tau tias "splendor"Thiab"txoj kev vam meej” muab Vĩnh Phát Xương “kev vam meej nyob mus ib txhis” los yog Mỹ Xương "Chim splendour". Lwm lub npe lag luam tej zaum Vạn Bảo (kaum txhiab jewels), Đại Hưng (kev loj hlob zoo), Quý Ký (noble mark) thiab Yên Thành (kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb).
A nquag xyaum ntawm tradesmen yog hais tias ntawm đõt vía đốt van.
Clients yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm via laj or koj t (zoo siab, siab zoo), nyob rau lwm lub sij hawm lub koj xu or vía dữ (phem, siab phem). Yog thawj tus neeg mob lub siab phem or dab Nws tau tawm ntawm lub khw yam tsis tau yuav ib yam dab tsi, tom qab kev sib tham ntev, yog li, cov neeg siv khoom hauv qab no yuav coj nws zoo heev.
INyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub khw-tus tswv yuav tsum tau tshem tawm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev txiav thiab hlawv xya lub me me ntawm straw ntawm nws tus kheej lub kaus mom yog hais tias tus neeg siv yog ib tug txiv neej, thiab cuaj daim, yog hais tias tus neeg siv tshwm sim los ua ib tug poj niam. Nws pronounces tib lub sij hawm incantation hauv qab no:
Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía thì đi.
"Kuv hlawv tus ntsuj plig, kuv hlawv tus txiv neej tawv tawv, tus poj niam uas muaj lub siab lim hiam, thiab xav kom tus ntsuj plig nyob twj ywm thiab cov phem yuav ploj mus.. "
Actuated los ntawm tib txoj kev ntseeg, txhua lub sijhawm thaum lawv pib ua haujlwm, cov pirates tua thawj tus neeg hla-los ntawm lawv ntsib.
chaw
+J. Silvestre. Cov ntawv sau los siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov nyiaj thiab khoom plig ntawm Annam thiab Fabkis Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Daim phiaj ntawm Suav, Annamese, Nyiv, Kauslim npib, ntawm cov nyiaj npib siv los ua amulets ntawm tsoomfwv Suav thiab cov ntawv ntiag tug (Noronha and Co Hongkong, 1895).
+ Lemire. Ancient thiab niaj hnub arts thiab cults ntawm Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Lub rooj sab laj ua rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29 ntawm Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Pov. Joss-sticks kev lag luam hauv Tonquin, nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, 1910–1911.
+ Cordier. Ntawm annamese art, nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Cov neeg ua haujlwm kos duab hauv Tonquin (Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov hlau, Jewellers), nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Lub Xya hli ntuj-Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1913, p. 279–290 : kuv.
+ A. Barbotin. Hluav taws kub kev lag luam hauv Tonquin, hauv Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Cuaj Hlis-Kaum Hli 1913.
+ R. Orband. Art bronzes ntawm Minh Mạng, in BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art in Huế, in BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Kho kom zoo nkauj kos duab hauv TonquinParis, 1922, ib.
+ C. Gravelle. Annamese art, in BAVH, 1925.
+ Albert Durier. Annamese kho kom zoo nkaujParis 1926, ib.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis ceramic rau kev siv cov khoom siv ceramic ntawm cov tsev kawm kos duab hauv Indochina, Hanoi, Kaum Ib Hlis 1930.
+ L Gilbert. Kev lag luam hauv Annam, in BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. Cov lus qhia txog kev yug ntses ntses hauv tonquinese deltaIb., 1993, p. 707.
+ H. Gourdon. Art of AnnamParis, 1933, ib.
+ Lub Hom Phiaj. Lifting log ntawm Quảng Nam thiab paddles norias ntawm Thừa Thiên, Xyoo 1935, p. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias of Quảng Ngãi, in BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Soya puag npaj hauv Annamese alimention, hauv Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Artificial hatching ntawm duck's qe hauv Cochinchina, hauv Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.
[214]
+ Rudolf P. Hummel. Tuam Tshoj ua haujlwm, 1937.
+ Mercier, Cov cuab yeej cuab tam Annames, nyob rau hauv BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laub. Cov duab nrov hauv Tonquin, in BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gourou. Lub zos kev lag luam hauv Tonquinese delta, International Congress of Geography, 1938.
+ P. Gourou. Suav anise-ntoo hauv Tonquin (kev tshaj tawm txog kev ua liaj ua teb hauv Tonquin), 1938, p. 966 ib.
+ Ch. Crevost. Kev sib tham ntawm cov chav kawm ua haujlwm hauv Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Annamese art, Moslem arts, hauv Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Tib neeg lub ntsej muag hauv annamese artCEFEO, N°18, 1st peb trimester 1939.
+ Henri Bouchon. Cov chav kawm ua hauj lwm hauv paus txawm thiab ntxiv crafts, indochine, 26 sept. Xyoo 1940.
+ X… — Charles Crevost. Ib qho animator ntawm tonquinese Working class, nyob rau hauv Indochine, Lub Xya hli ntuj 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (kev lag luam tswv yim), hauv Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Cov tswv-Iacquerers ntawm Hanoi, hauv Indochine Lub Ob Hlis 6, 1941.
+ Passignat. Lacquer, hauv Indochine, Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. Ivory, hauv Indochine, Lub Ib Hlis 15, 1942.
+ Sib (R.) Ib hom kev cai Annamese: Woodcut, hauv Indochine, Lub Kaum Hli 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi alias Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Nyab Laj Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký, 1942.
+ L. Bezacier. Essay ntawm Annamese art, Hanoi, Kaum Ib Hlis 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Daim ntawv Annamese, hauv Indochine, Lub Ib Hlis 27 thiab Lub Ob Hlis 17, 1944.
+ Ntau yam. Keeb kwm thiab kos npe ntawm nrov woodcuts ntawm Tet, hauv Indochine, Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1945.
+ Crevost thiab Petelot. Catalog ntawm cov khoom ntawm Indochina, tom VI. Tannins thiab tinctorials (1941). [Ntiaj teb cov khoom muaj npe].
+ Aug. Chevalier. Thawj cov khoom muag ntawm ntoo thiab lwm yam khoom siv hav zoov ntawm Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Nyob teb chaws muaj npe).
+ Lecomte. Cov ntoo ntawm Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev tsim cov lauj kaub tais diav hauv Bình Định, in BAVH, 1927, p. 149 thiab 184 (muaj cov npe zoo ntawm ntau yam potteries ntawm Txuas ntxiv thiab lawv cov lej thiab lawv cov npe hauv zos).
+ Despierres. Suav abacus, nyob rau hauv Sud-Est, 1951.
LUS CIM :
Source: Connaisance du Vietnam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Hloov Kho 3 Hlis 1998, Imprimerie Lub Tebchaws Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Txhais Lus los ntawm VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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