Thaum ntxov tshaj plaws sab hnub poob Annam maps 1651 - purelandvietnamstudies.com

Npe ntawm Nyab Laj

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Tsab ntawv xov xwm no yog hais txog cov npe ntawm lub teb chaws VietnamCov. Rau cov npe ntawm cov neeg hauv Nyab Laj, saib Nyab Laj lub npe.

Việt Nam yog ib qho txawv txav ntawm Nam Việt (yav qab teb Việt), ib lub npe uas tuaj yeem taug qab rau tus Triệu dynasty (2nd xyoo pua BC, tseem hu ua Nanyue Kingdom).¹ Lo lus "Việt" keeb kwm yog daim ntawv luv ntawm Bách Việt, ib lo lus siv rau xa mus rau cov tib neeg uas nyob hauv dab tsi yog tam sim no yav qab teb Tuam Tshoj puag thaum ub. Lo lus “Việt Nam“, Nrog cov suab lus hauv txoj kev cai tshiab, thawj zaug tshwm hauv xyoo pua 16 hauv paj huam los Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiem. "Annam“, Uas keeb kwm yog lub npe Suav hauv lub xyoo pua xya, yog lub npe ntawm lub teb chaws thaum lub sijhawm colonial. Kwv tij neej tsa Hmoob txawj sau ntawv Phan Bội Chaw revived lub npe "Vietnam”Nyob rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th. Thaum cov neeg sib tw tiv thaiv communist thiab tsoomfwv tiv thaiv lub tebchaws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1945, ob leeg tau txais yuav los ua qhov no tam li yog lub tebchaws lub tebchaws cov npe. Hauv Askiv, ob lub suab ntawv feem ntau yog ua ke rau hauv ib lo lus, "Vietnam. ” Txawm li cas los, “Viet yeej tawg”Yog ib zaug uas neeg tau siv ntau thiab tseem siv los ntawm UN thiab tseem hwv Nyablaj.

Thoob plaws keeb kwm, muaj ntau lub npe siv los ua pov thawj VietnamCov. Dhau li cov npe nom, muaj cov npe uas siv tsis raws cai los saib txog thaj chaw ntawm Vietnam. Vietnam dab tsi hu ua Yog Lang thaum lub sij hawm Hung Vương Tsom xyooj, U Lạc thaum An Dương ua vajntxwv, Nam Việt thaum lub sijhawm Dynệu Dynasty, Nyob Xuân thaum lub caij vajntxwv Anterior Lý Dynasty, Ồi Cồ Việt thaum lub sijhawm Đinh dynasty thiab Lê dynasty thaum ntxov. Pib xyoo 1054, Nyab Laj thiaj hu Ệi Việt (Yawm Tshuas Xaab).² Thaum lub caij Hồ liv kav tebchaws, Nyablaj raug hu Ngi Ngu.³

Keeb kwm ntawm "Nyab Laj"

Lub sijhawm "Việt"(Yij) (Suav: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade – Giles: Yüeh⁴; Nyab Laj: Việt), Thaum Ntxov Nruab Nrab Suav tau sau ua ntej uas siv cov ntawv log “戉 rau ib leeg (ib homophone), nyob rau hauv oracle pob txha thiab bronze inscriptions ntawm lub lig Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), thiab tom qab ntawv xws li “越”.⁴ Lub sijhawm ntawd nws xa mus rau ib tus neeg lossis chieftain mus rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm lub nroog Shang.⁵ Thaum pib xyoo pua 8 BC, ib pawg neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm Yangtze tau raug hu ua Yangyue, ib lo lus tom qab siv rau cov neeg txuas ntxiv rau sab qab teb.⁵ Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 7 thiab 4 centuries BC Yue /Việt xa mus rau Lub Xeev Yue hauv qis dua Yangtze phiab thiab nws cov neeg.^4,5

Los ntawm xyoo pua koob thib 3 BC lo lus tau siv rau cov haiv neeg tsis nyob Suav teb sab qab teb thiab qab teb hnub poob Suav teb thiab qaum teb Vietnam, nrog rau qee lub xeev lossis pawg hu ua Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Nyab Laj: Lệc Việt), thiab lwm yam, suav sau tag nrho hu ua Baiyue (Nyob zoo, Suav: Baiyue; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Nyab Laj: Bách Việt; “Pua Yue / Viet”; ).^4,5 Lub sij hawm Baiyue /Bách Việt thawj zaug nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Lus Chunqiu tso ua ke ib ncig 239 BC⁶

In 207 BC, yav tas los Qin dynasty general Zhao Tuo / Triệu Đà nrhiav lub nceeg vaj Nanyue /Nam Việt (Suav: 南越; “Yav Qab Teb Yue / Việt”) nrog nws cov peev ntawm Panyu (niaj hnub Guangzhou)). Lub nceeg vaj no yog "sab qab teb" nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab tias nws tau nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Baiyue xws li Minyue thiab Ouyue, nyob hauv lub nroog niaj hnub Fujian thiab Zhejiang. Ob peb cov neeg Nyablaj tom qab lawv coj cov poj niam no txawm tias tom qab no cov neeg sab qaum teb tseem poob rau hauv Suav teb.

Nyob rau hauv "Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej"(Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Trạng Trình), kws sau paj lug Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiem (1491-1585) thim txoj kev cai ntawm cov suab lus thiab sau lub npe rau hauv nws daim ntawv niaj hnub: “Nyab Laj tab tom tsim” (Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền).⁷ Lub sijhawm no, lub tebchaws tau faib nruab nrab ntawm cov Trinh lords of Hanoi thiab the Nguyen Huords Hu. Los ntawm kev sib txuas ob peb lub npe uas twb muaj lawm, Nam Việt, Annam (Pacified Sab Qab Teb), Ệi Việt (Yuam Kev Việt), thiab "Nam quoc"(yav qab teb tebchaws), Khiêm tuaj yeem tsim qhov tshiab lub npe uas xa mus rau cov neeg koom ua ke nrog kev npaj cia. Lo lus “yeej”Tsis hais txog yav qab teb Việt, tab sis, theej ntawd Vietnam yog "Sab Qab Teb" hauv Suav, "Sab Qaum Teb".⁸ Cov lus tshab txhais no yog piav los ntawm Lý Thường Kiệt hauv cov paj huam “Nam quốc sơn hà” (1077): "Hla lub roob thiab cov dej ntawm sab qab teb, kav tus huab tais qab teb." Tshawb Nrhiav Nguyễn Phúc Giác Hải pom lo lus "Việt Nam”Rau ntawm 12 daim ntoo carved hauv 16th thiab 17th centuries, suav nrog ib qho ntawm Bảo Lâm Pagoda, Hải phòng (1558).⁸ Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1675-1725) siv cov lus hauv ib zaj paj lug: “Nov yog lub roob uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nyob hauv Vietnam"(Việt Nam Hiểm ửi thơ sơn êiên).⁹ Nws tau siv raws li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb los ntawm Emperor Gia Ntev nyob rau hauv 1804-1813.¹⁰ Tus Huab Tais Jiaqing tsis kam Gia NtevThov kom hloov nws lub teb chaws npe rau Nam Việt, thiab hloov lub npe hloov rau Việt Nam.¹¹ Gia Long Lub Đại Nam thực lục muaj cov neeg sawv cev cev lus hauv kev tshaj npe.¹²

"Trung Quốc" 中國 lossis 'Nruab Nrab Tebchaws' tau siv los ua lub npe rau Vietnam los ntawm Gia Ntev hauv 1805.¹¹ Minh Mạng siv lub npe “Trung Quốc” call los hu Nyab Laj.¹³ Nyab Laj Nguyen Emperor Minh Mạng ua txhaum rau cov haiv neeg tsawg xws li cov neeg Qhab Meem tau tshaj tawm txoj cai ntawm Confucianism thiab Tuam Tshoj Han kev ua yeeb yam rau Nyab Laj, thiab siv los siv lo lus Han neeg 漢人 xa mus rau Nyab Laj.¹⁴ Minh Mạng tshaj tawm tias "Peb yuav tsum cia siab tias lawv qhov kev coj noj coj ua yuav ploj mus, thiab lawv yuav niaj hnub kis los ntawm Han [Suav-Nyab Laj] kev coj noj coj ua."¹⁵ Cov cai no tau taw qhia rau ntawm cov pawg Khmer thiab roob.¹⁶ cov Nguyen tus tswv Nguyễn Phúc Chu tau hais txog neeg Nyab-laj hais tias yog neeg “Han” nyob rau xyoo 1712 thaum uas txawv ntawm Nyablaj thiab Suav.¹⁷ Suav cov khaub ncaws tau yuam cov neeg Nyablaj los ntawm Nguyễn.^18,19,20,21

Kev siv ntawm "Vietnam”Tau rov qab los nyob rau niaj hnub no los ntawm cov neeg hauv tebchaws suav nrog Phan Bội Chaw, uas nws phau ntawv Việt Nam vong quốc sử (Keeb Kwm Hais Txog Kev Txom Nyem ntawm Nyab Laj) tau luam tawm xyoo 1906. Chau kuj tsim lub Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (Ncig Teb Chaws Nyab Laj Liab Qab) hauv xyoo 1912. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg pej xeem tseem siv Annam thiab lub npe “Vietnam”Tseem tsis tau paub txog txij thaum Yên Bái hloov zuj zus ntawm 1930, txhim tsa los ntawm Vi thet Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Hmoob Nyablaj tog).²² Thaum pib xyoo 1940, kev siv “Việt Nam”Yog thoob plaws. Nws tshwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Ncig Saib Ho Chi Minh City'Sệ Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội (Hmoob Viet Minh), tsim xyoo 1941, thiab twb tau siv los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm Fabkis Indochina thaum xyoo 1942.²³ Lub npe “Vietnam”Txij xyoo 1945. Nws tau pom zoo thaum Lub Rau Hli los ntawm Bao DaiTsoomfwv nom tswv tswj kav lub nroog Huế, thiab lub Cuaj Hlis yog Ho tus thawj coj tsoomfwv hauv tebchaws Hanoi.²⁴

lwm yam npe

Xaus Chaw (鬼鬼) 2879–2524 BC
Văn Laj (郎郎 / Cov neeg) 2524–258 BC
Ạu Lạc (雒雒 / Anak ib) 257–179 BC
Nam Vwm (南越) 204–111 BC
Giao Chaw (Cochin / 阯阯) 111 BC - 40 AD
Lej Nam 40–43
Giao Chip 43–299
Giao Châu 299-544
Vạn Xuân (tus萬春) 544 – 602
Giao Châu 602-679
Ib Nam (Annan) 679 – 757
Trấn Nam 757–766
Ib Lub Npe 766–866
Tĩnh Hải (Yog靜海) 866 – 967
Ồi Cồ Việt (i Cồ Việt)瞿瞿越) 968 – 1054
Ệi Việt (ệi Việt)越越) 1054 – 1400
Ngi Ngu (虞虞) 1400 – 1407
Nami Nam (南南)²⁵ 1407-1427
Ệi Việt 1428–1804
Ệ quốc Việt Nam (Faj tim teb chaws nyab laj) 1804 – 1839
Nami Nam 1839–1845
Indochina (Tonkin, Ib Nam, Cochinchina) 1887 – 1954
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Hmoob Nyab LajCov Nom Tswv Tebchaws Nyab Laj) Xyoo 1945 - 1975
Việt Nam Cộng Hòa (Cov koom pheej ntawm Nyab Laj) Xyoo 1954 - 1975
Chính phủ Cách mạng Lâm thời Cộng hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam Xyoo 1954 - 1974 (Tub Ceev Xwm Peem Sij Hawm ntawm Tsoomfwv Nyab Laj Qab Teb)
Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Tsoomfwv Tebchaws Nyablaj Tebchaws) Xyoo 1975 - nn nay

Npe nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus

Hauv Lus Askiv, cov ntawv sau me me Vietnam, Nyab-laj, thiab Nyab-laj tau siv tag lawm. Xyoo 1954 tsab ntawm Webster's Phau Ntawv Teev Cov Ntawv Tshiab muab ob hom tsis muaj npe thiab chaw tso npe; hauv kev teb rau tsab ntawv los ntawm tus nyeem ntawv, cov kho kho tau qhia tias daim ntawv sib nrug Viet yeej tawg kuj tseem siv tau, txawm tias lawv tau hais tias vim tias Anglophones tsis paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm ob lo lus uas ua lub npe Nyab Laj, "nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob" hais tias muaj ib txwm nyiam thim qhov chaw.²⁶ Xyoo 1966, Tsoomfwv Meskas tau paub kom siv tag nrho peb qhov kev ua haujlwm, nrog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Feem Txawv Tebchaws tau xaj cov hyphenated version.²⁷ Los ntawm 1981, daim foos sau npe tau pom tias yog "hnub tim", raws li tus kws sau ntawv Scottish Gilbert Adair: XNUMX Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!, thiab nws tau sau nws phau ntawv hais txog kev piav txog lub teb chaws nyob hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab uas siv daim ntawv sau tsis muaj npe thiab tsis muaj txheej txheem "Nyab Laj".²⁸

Lub npe Suav niaj hnub rau Nyab Laj (Suav: 越南; pinyin: Yuènán) tuaj yeem txhais ua "Tshaj dhau Qab Teb", ua rau cov neeg txawj ntse hais tias lub npe yog siv rau lub teb chaws qhov chaw dhau ciam teb qab teb ntawm Suav. Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb piav qhia tias lub tebchaws tau raug tsim txom xws li txhawm rau hais txog kev faib cov neeg nyob hauv Suav Tebchaws Suav txawv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Nyablaj²⁹

Ob hom lus Nyijpooj thiab Kauslim raug xa mus rau Nyab Laj los ntawm lawv cov lus Sino-Xenic hais ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Suav rau nws cov npe, tab sis tom qab ntawd hloov pauv los siv cov cim suab ntawv ncaj qha. Hauv Japanese, hauv qab no kev ywj pheej ntawm Nyab Laj cov npe Annan (Annan) thiab Etsunan (越南) tau pauv los ntawm lub suab hloov ntawv Betonamu (トトナム),, sau rau hauv katakana tsab ntawv; txawm li cas los xij, daim foos qub tseem pom nyob hauv cov lus sib txuas (xws li 越越, “Ncig saib nyab laj teb chaws”).³⁰^{, 31} Nyiv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Feem Txawv Tebchaws qee zaum siv lwm tus ntawv txawv Hmoob Vietonamu (ィエエトナムムム).³¹ Ib yam li ntawd, hauv lus Kauslim, nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev hloov rau txo qis kev siv ntawm hanja, Sino-Korean-tau txais lub npe Wollam (월남, nyeem ເກົາ ຫຼີ ntawm 越南) tau hloov los ntawm Betunam (Lub npe) hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb thiab Wennam (윁남) hauv North Kauslim.^32,³³