Nyab Laj, Kev vam meej thiab kab lis kev cai - TIANSMITHS, npib casters, GOLDSMITHS thiab SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

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Los ntawm PIERRE HUARD¹
(Honour Member ntawm École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
thiab SAU NKAUJ DURAND²
(Tus tswv cuab ntawm École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Revised 3rd edition 1998, Imprimerie Lub Tebchaws Paris,

      Tnyob zoo ua haujlwm ntawm tinplate, zinc thiab tin. Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Occidentals, lawv txoj kev lag luam tau txwv rau kev tsim me me cones surmounting kaus mom, roj khob ua lub teeb, lub thawv kom muaj tshuaj yeeb thiab ob peb lwm yam khoom siv. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau coj txoj kev loj hlob zoo. Thaum ua hauj lwm cov tsoos tinsmith tseem zaum los yog squatted, nquag siv nws ob txhais tes thiab ob txhais taw uas ob tug ntiv taw loj, los yog tus ntiv taw loj thiab tus ntiv taw thib ob rov sib sau ua ke, ua ib qho chaw nyob, supple thiab ruaj khov. Qhov no tso cai rau nthuav tawm cov khoom ua haujlwm raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov cuab yeej (cov ntaub ntawv, rauj, rivet-driver) tuav los ntawm tes uas nyob twj ywm dawb. Thaum kawg, hauv kev ua haujlwm txiav, cov ceg txiav tsis txav tau raug kho los ntawm tus ntiv taw loj, thaum ib qho ntawm ob txhais tes maneuvers lub ceg txawb thiab [Page 190] lwm txhais tes taw qhia cov ntawv hlau uas yuav tsum tau txiav. Lo lus "qho p” qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev txeeb ib yam khoom ntawm tus thib ob thiab tus ntiv taw loj. [Page 191]

NYIAJ CATERS

[Page 191]  TNws thawj npib thiab kub tuav tau raug muab pov rau hauv Hanoi los ntawm Lưu Xuân Tín, raws li cov txheej txheem suav (Tín nyob hauv Lê Thánh Tôn piv txwv li ntawm 1461).
      Tnws tam sim no npib molded thiab moltened (tab sis tsis minted) muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm loam tov nrog zine.
        Tnws raug saw hlau yog raws li nram no (saib qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm npib (sapèques) hauv Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Xuab zeb molding;
2. Zinc fusion;
3. Casting ntawm molten hlau nyob rau hauv pwm;
4. Kev txheeb xyuas cov nyiaj npib uas siv tau.

GOLDSMITHS thiab SILVERSMITHS

     TNws cov neeg ua haujlwm kub kub yog peb cov kwv tij Trần Hòa, Trần Điện thiab Trần Điền uas kawm lawv cov txuj ci hauv Suav teb rau xyoo pua 6.

    A lub hauv siab me me nrog cov tub rau khoom, muaj cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov khoom uas lawv ua haujlwm, thiab txiav tawm los ntawm kab rov tav bellows nrog piston (caw bj) txaus rau cov tsoos kub thiab silversmiths. Lub hauv siab cov yeeb nkab tawm los ntawm lub hauv siab yog tau txais nyob rau hauv ib kab noj hniav khawb hauv av. Ob lub cib thiab ob peb daim ntawm cov charcoal ua ib lub qhov cub. Ib tug hlau armed ntoo mallet (búa và), engraving cov ntsiab lus, ob peb ntoo blocks thiab ib tug me ntsis anvil ua tiav qhov kev instrumentation. Tsuas yog ob peb lub nplhaib (jewelled rings los yog saw txuas), tsis muaj kev tsim khoom loj heev. Tag nrho cov jewels yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj los yog kub los xij, ntau los yog tsawg tuab, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv repoussé, zoo li tus los yog stamped tag nrho cov yooj yim dua thaum nws yog lo lus nug ntawm ntshiab hlau tsis muaj alloy. Dipped kub jewels yog sunk rau hauv boiled thiab concentrated tov, ob qho tib si ntawm sophora paj (hlo) los yog tai chua pericarp (Garcinia pedunculata). Tom qab ntawd, ib tug ntxuav lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug kub sulphur da dej. [Page 191]

TINMEN

      Ttus txais cuab yeej cuab tam yog Pham Ngọc Thành uas qhia cov txheej txheem suav rau hauv Nyab Laj qaum teb rau xyoo 1518.
      [Page 192] Traditional mov noj-pots ua los ntawm hammered tooj liab, nrog skilful curves teem nyob rau hauv alternation, ua pov thawj ib tug zoo meej txheej txheem, admired los ntawm connoisseurs.

BRONZE-Founders

     TTus neeg txais txiaj ntsig yog tus neeg muaj txiaj ntsig Khổng Lộ uas tau kawm tooj liab melting nyob rau hauv Suav teb thiab diffused nws cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv North Vietnam rau 1226. Ulterior txawv teb chaws influences yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg zoo li hais tias ntawm Jean de la Croix, portuguese hybreed, cannon-founder nyob rau hauv Huế. (XVIII caug xyoo). Poob ciab-melting yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev hwm. Tus pej thuam Trần Vũ (pagoda zoo thiaj li hu ua Great Buddha in Hanoi) thiab dynastical urns hauv Huế qhia txog kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg vietnamese bronze-founders (saib Chochod, Founding txoj kev ua haujlwm hauv Annam, hauv BEFEO, IX, 155).

LOCKSMITHS

      Sinoid kab lis kev cai tau paub cov menyuam padlock thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav-stud, feem ntau ua hauj lwm los xauv cov rooj tog loj. Hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Nyab Laj, lub xauv xauv tsis paub thiab lub tsev lub rooj vag raug kaw los ntawm kev tuav, siv cov ntoo tuav.

chaw

+J. Silvestre. Cov ntawv sau los siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov nyiaj thiab khoom plig ntawm Annam thiab Fabkis Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Daim phiaj ntawm Suav, Annamese, Nyiv, Kauslim npib, ntawm cov nyiaj npib siv los ua amulets ntawm tsoomfwv Suav thiab cov ntawv ntiag tug (Noronha and Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Ancient thiab niaj hnub arts thiab cults ntawm Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Lub rooj sab laj ua rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29 ntawm Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Pov. Joss-sticks kev lag luam hauv Tonquin, nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, 1910–1911.

+ Cordier. Ntawm annamese art, nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Cov neeg ua haujlwm kos duab hauv Tonquin (Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov hlau, Jewellers), nyob rau hauv Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Lub Xya hli ntuj-Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1913, p. 279–290 : kuv.
+ A. Barbotin. Hluav taws kub kev lag luam hauv Tonquin, hauv Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Cuaj Hlis-Kaum Hli 1913.

+ R. Orband. Art bronzes ntawm Minh Mạng, in BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art in Huế, in BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Kho kom zoo nkauj kos duab hauv TonquinParis, 1922, ib.
+ C. Gravelle. Annamese art, in BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Annamese kho kom zoo nkaujParis 1926, ib.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis ceramic rau kev siv cov khoom siv ceramic ntawm cov tsev kawm kos duab hauv Indochina, Hanoi, Kaum Ib Hlis 1930.
+ L Gilbert. Kev lag luam hauv Annam, in BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. Cov lus qhia txog kev yug ntses ntses hauv tonquinese deltaIb., 1993, p. 707.

+ H. Gourdon. Art of AnnamParis, 1933, ib.
+ Lub Hom Phiaj. Lifting log ntawm Quảng Nam thiab paddles norias ntawm Thừa Thiên, Xyoo 1935, p. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias of Quảng Ngãi, in BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Soya puag npaj hauv Annamese alimention, hauv Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Artificial hatching ntawm duck's qe hauv Cochinchina, hauv Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. Tuam Tshoj ua haujlwm, 1937.
+ Mercier, Cov cuab yeej cuab tam Annames, nyob rau hauv BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laub. Cov duab nrov hauv Tonquin, in BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gourou. Lub zos kev lag luam hauv Tonquinese delta, International Congress of Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gourou. Suav anise-ntoo hauv Tonquin (kev tshaj tawm txog kev ua liaj ua teb hauv Tonquin), 1938, p. 966 ib.
+ Ch. Crevost. Kev sib tham ntawm cov chav kawm ua haujlwm hauv Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Annamese art, Moslem arts, hauv Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Tib neeg lub ntsej muag hauv annamese artCEFEO, N°18, 1^st peb trimester 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Cov chav kawm ua hauj lwm hauv paus txawm thiab ntxiv crafts, indochine, 26 sept. Xyoo 1940.
+ X… — Charles Crevost. Ib qho animator ntawm tonquinese Working class, nyob rau hauv Indochine, Lub Xya hli ntuj 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (kev lag luam tswv yim), hauv Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Cov tswv-Iacquerers ntawm Hanoi, hauv Indochine Lub Ob Hlis 6, 1941.

+ Passignat. Lacquer, hauv Indochine, Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. Ivory, hauv Indochine, Lub Ib Hlis 15, 1942.
+ Sib (R.) Ib hom kev cai Annamese: Woodcut, hauv Indochine, Lub Kaum Hli 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi alias Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Nyab Laj Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Essay ntawm Annamese art, Hanoi, Kaum Ib Hlis 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Daim ntawv Annamese, hauv Indochine, Lub Ib Hlis 27 thiab Lub Ob Hlis 17, 1944.
+ Ntau yam. Keeb kwm thiab kos npe ntawm nrov woodcuts ntawm Tet, hauv Indochine, Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1945.
+ Crevost thiab Petelot. Catalog ntawm cov khoom ntawm Indochina, tom VI. Tannins thiab tinctorials (1941). [Ntiaj teb cov khoom muaj npe].

+ Aug. Chevalier. Thawj cov khoom muag ntawm ntoo thiab lwm yam khoom siv hav zoov ntawm Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Nyob teb chaws muaj npe).
+ Lecomte. Cov ntoo ntawm Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev tsim cov lauj kaub tais diav hauv Bình Định, in BAVH, 1927, p. 149 thiab 184 (muaj cov npe zoo ntawm ntau yam potteries ntawm Txuas ntxiv thiab lawv cov lej thiab lawv cov npe hauv zos).
+ Despierres. Suav abacus, nyob rau hauv Sud-Est, 1951.

LUS CIM :
Source: Connaisance du Vietnam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Hloov Kho 3 Hlis 1998, Imprimerie Lub Tebchaws Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Txhais Lus los ntawm VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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