LEEJ TXHEEM ntawm CONFUCIANISM xyoo pua 15th

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Prof. TAN, HA VAN

    Nyob rau hauv lub Tran¹, tshwj xeeb nyob rau tiam 14, Tub Koos Nkaub tawm tsam Buddhism tsis tu ncua. Nrog lub advent ntawm cov Le², Confucianism sawv rau qhov kev tshwm sim dhau los los ua lub orthodox ideology ntawm chav txiav txim. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau txhua lub koomhaum tswjfwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua.

   Lub hom Confucianism uas tus Tsev Hais Plaub Le thiab gentry ntawm loj yog a song ntau yam feem ntau hu ua Neo-ConfucianismCov. Nws tau pom qhov tseeb los ntawm kev txhawb nqa Cheng Hau, Cheng Yim thiab Zhu Xis. Neo-Confucianists twb xav nyob rau ontological pawg xws li li (dab los txoj cai) thiab qi (cov ntaub ntawv uas), uas lawv incessantly resorted mus rau thaum piav txog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Lawv invoked lis, lossis “txib saum ntuj”Tiv thaiv tus uas twb muaj lawm kev
Kev txiav txim.

    Hmoob Nyab Laj Confucianists, ntawm lawv Si Si Lien³, Sau ntawm Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu or Ua Tiav Keeb Kwm ntawm Great Viet, tau ntseeg tau los ntawm cov Neo-Confucianist lus qhuab qhia. Vajntxwv Le Thanh Tong², nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lwm Confucianist, Ua Nhuan⁴, tau zoo nyob hauv qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm lis. Cov tsheb kho tsheb tau tsim ob zaug ib xyoos, nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab caij nplooj zeeg, rau Confucius⁵ thiab nws kaum tus thwj tim⁶Cov. Cov kev fij nyob rau Van Mias⁷ - lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Ntawv Sau - nyob hauv lub teb chaws peev ntawm Thang Ntev⁸Cov. Los ntawm 1465 onwards, qhov kev coj ua raug saws rau lwm qhov chaw thiab.

   Cawv ntawm Confucianism tau muaj kev xav rau hauv kev kawm ntawv. Xyoo 1426, thaum nws cov tub rog kaw nyob rau hauv qhov tub rog tub rog ntawm lub Ntxawg, Le Laj⁹ ncaav txoj haujlwm xeem nyob rau ntawm nws daim ntawv txib ntawm Bo De Ib hauv cheeb tsam tam sim no ntawm Gia Lam, HanoiCov. Cov neeg sib tw raug hais kom sau “Tsab Ntawv Hu Xovtooj rau Ming hauv Dong Quan kom swb“. Peb Caug leeg dhau.

    Hauv 1428, tam sim ntawd tom qab nws pib, King Le Loi² xaj kom muaj kev txhim kho cov tsev kawm ntawv thoob plaws txhua lub tebchaws. Quoc Tu Giam⁷ (Kev Kawm Hauv Tebchaws) hauv cov peev nyiaj hauv lub tebchaws yog cov tsev kawm ntawv tshaj plaws. Lwm qhov kev soj ntsuam tau ua rau xyoo tom ntej, tab sis cov kev cai tsis tau tsim tsa kom txog thaum lub caij tus huab tais Le Thai Tong²Cov. Txij thaum ntawd mus, kev ntsuam xyuas tau muaj nyob rau txhua txhua rau xyoo, hauv peb qho kev ncig. Thawj zaug yuav tau ua hauv cov xeev los xaiv Cong si (bachelors)). Ib qho kev kuaj thib ob tom qab xyoo tom ntej hu ua Hoi xeem, los ntawm, uas Tien si (cov kws kho mob) yuav tau xaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub round kawg, tus Palace kev tshuaj xyuas, huab tais nws tus kheej yuav xaiv peb tus kws kho mob saum toj kawg nkaus, Trang nguyen, Bang nhan thiab Tham haum.

    Nyob rau hauv nws tig, King Le Thanh Tong² muab rau kev coj ua ntawm triennial kev ntsuam xyuas. Nws kuj teeb tsa txoj cai nruj me ntsis ntxiv.

    Ua si ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm Tub Koos Nkaub, Le tus tsim txoj kab ke xung dab (daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm tus nqi zog-daim ntawv teev) thiab ntawm vinh qus (triumphal rov qab los ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg rau lawv qhov chaw nyob)). Cov kws kho mob cov npe yuav tsis ua mob nyob rau stelae ntawm Van Mias⁷.

    Feem ntau hais lus, kev kawm ntawv yog qhov tsis tshua suav nrog nyob rau hauv Le², thiab txawm nkag tau muab rau hom. Tseem, txhua lub nroog yuav tsum tau teb rau kev coj ua zoo ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw (Mo ket huong thi) thiab cov sib tw yuav tsum tau muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog lawv keeb kwm ntawm peb keeb kwm (Cung khai tam dai). Cov tib neeg cuam tshuam nrog cov tub sab tub nyiag lossis cov ua yeeb yam lom zem raug txwv los ntawm txhua qhov kev xeem.

    Cov tub ntxhais kawm raug qhia ntawm lub Plaub phau ntawv⁵ thiab Tsib Hoob⁵ raws li zoo raws li Zhu Xis's phau ntawv ntawm philosophy thiab keeb kwm. Cov no yog cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau muab coj los xeem. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tsis muaj chaw rau kev tawm tsam tus kheej thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm lub hom phiaj tsuas yog rau kev kawm honors yuav tsum tau ua raws nraim li Confucianist dictums.

    Nrog sawv ntawm nationalism uas ua raws li yeej ntawm Ntxawg kev nkag siab, Confucianists pom qhov xav tau los hloov Confucianist cov ntsiab lus kom lawv zoo dua rau cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj. Qhov no yog tseeb los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm Nhan (tib neeg kev plees) thiab Lub ntsiab lus (kev ncaj ncees) paub ntau los ntawm Nguyen Trai Yog. Buddhism thiab Taoism, txawm hais tias muaj ploj lawv cov ascendancy, twb deb ntawm tu noob. Lawv lub neej tau tswj hwm hauv lub tebchaws. Txawm tias hauv tsev hais plaub kuj muaj cov neeg teev dab qhuas coob heev. Rau nws qhov, Confucianism tsis tau ua ib qho kev mob siab hnyav ua kom ntiab tawm lwm yam kev ntseeg. Vajntxwv Le Thanh Tong², ib tug neeg kws ua haujlwm ntawm Confucianist stalwart, txawm tias yog tus hu Phap Van Vajtswv¹⁰ at Dau Tuam Tsev¹¹ rau lub hom phiaj ntawm invoking nag.

LUS CIM:
¹  Tran Keeb Kwm (1225-1400: 175 xyoos). 
²  Le Keeb Kwm (1428-1527: 100 xyoos): Hau Le dynasty: Le Yog li, Le Trung Hung - teb chaws npe: Dai Viet - cov peev: Dong Kinh (qub npe: Thang Long), suav nrog 14 tus vajntxwv: Le Thai To (Le Loi - 1429–1433: 4 xyoos), Le Thai Tong (1433–1442: 9 xyoos), Le Nhan Tong (1442–1459: 17 xyoo), Le Thien Hung (1459-1460: 1 xyoos), Le Thanh Tong (1460–1497: 37 xyoos), Le Hien Tong (1497–1504: 7 xyoosLe Tuc Tong (1504–1505: 6 hli), Le Uy Muc (1504–1509: 5 xyoosLe Tuong Duc,1509–1516: 7 xyoosLe Quang Tri,1516: 3 hlisLe Chieu Tong (1517–1522: 5 xyoosLe Bang ()1518-1519: 2 xyoos), Le Ua (1519: 2 hlisLe Xuan,1522–1527: 7 xyoos)). Nov yog lub sijhawm zoo thiab tseem ceeb ntawm Nyab Laj fudalism; Dai Viet vam meej nyob rau txhua qhov (kev lag luam, kab lis kev cai, txuj ci, kev sib raug zoo, kev kawm, tub rog, ...); cheeb tsam tau nthuav dav (koom ua ke nrog thaj av ntawm Bon Man (Muang Phuan), Chiem Thanh). 
³ Ngô Sĩ Liên (連 連 - 1400-1499) yug hauv lub An Sĩ lub zos, Hàng, Hanoi, yog Nyablaj keeb kwm ntawm Lê Dynasty² - koom tes hauv lub Lam Tso uprising ntawm Luj Lia, tau lub npe kws lijchoj (Tus nqi) thiab yog li tau los ua tus nom hauv lub tsev hais plaub huab tais ntawm peb plaub leej neeg txuas ntxiv mus Lê Thái Tông (1434-1442), Lê Nhân Tông (1442-1459) thiab Lê Thánh Tông (1460-1497), tau raug xaiv tsa Tus Thawj Coj ntawm National Bureau rau Cov Ntawv Sau Tseg Keeb Kwm (Viện Quốc sử ib) xyoo 1473. Nws yog tus paub zoo tshaj yog ua tus thawj saib xyuas tshaj tawm ntawm lub Ệi Việt sử ký toàn bư - 15-ntim (qis) phau ntawv - nws txoj kev faib keeb kwm ntawm Nyab Laj mus rau ob lub caij tseem ceeb, nws tau tso tag nrho cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim ua ntej tsim lub Dyninh Dynasty in Cov Ntawv Sau Tseg Nruab Nrab (Nco koj) thaum lub sijhawm ywj pheej los ntawm Dyninh Dynasty (10th xyoo pua) rau cov creation ntawm lub Leej Dynasty nyob rau hauv 1482 narrated hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Sau Yooj Yim (Ua ke) - kev sau txog keeb kwm ntawm Nyab Laj tej keeb kwm thiab sau keeb kwm qub tshaj plaws uas tau sau hais txog Nyab Laj tiam uas tseem nyob niaj hnub no Txog tam sim no, Ngô Sĩ Liên yeej ib txwm suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Nyab Laj.

… Hloov kho tshiab…

PAJ MUAS TU THU
5. 2020

CEEB TOOM:
Source: Txoj Kev Nyab Laj. Ha Van Tan. thegioipublishers.vn, 2018. Duab; wikimapia.org.
◊ Txhua qhov kev hais qhia thiab cov duab sepia tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ntawm BAN TU THU - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com.