CHỮ NÔM los yog Cov Ntawv Hmoob Nyab Laj Yav Dhau Los thiab Cov Lus Sau Txog Yav Tas Los Hauv Suav Sau Ntawv - Ntu 1

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Nguyễn Khắc-Kawm^*

    Chữ Nim (Chữ 'tsab ntawv,' thiab nôm / nam 'sab qab teb, Nyab Laj') yog lub npe muab los ntawm Nyab Laj rau ib qho ntawm lawv ob qhov qub txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov cim hauv Suav. Nws tau hu ua li ntawd, txhawm rau Chữ Hán los sis Han Ntawv Suav Han¹ thiab rau Chữ Nho lossis tsab ntawv ntawm cov neeg tshaj lij Nyab Laj kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv tom kawg connotation, nws txhais tau tias yog dab ntxwj nyoog or hais lus phem in tsoos nyab laj.²

Cov Yug Sau Npe^**

   Hnub tim ntawm nws tsim muaj tsis tau tsim kom deb li dhau kev sib cav. Raws li Ngô Thì Nhậm 時 時 任 (1726-1780) "peb lub teb chaws cov lus siv feem ntau los ntawm Thuyên. "³ Thuyên yog Nwgễn Thuyên 詮 詮, ib tug kws tshawb fawb uas nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum peb, nyob rau hauv lub Trần dynastyCov. "Nws tau txais nws daim ntawv pov thawj nyob rau hauv tus muaj zog ntawm huab tais Trần Thib 太 太 宗 (1225-1257)). Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1282, thaum tuav tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees, nws tau tsa los ntawm Emperor Trần Nhân Tôn 仁 仁 宗 sau ib tsab xov rau tus khej uas tau tuaj ntawm Dej Liab. Tom qab nws sau ntawv tsav tus tsiaj tawm mus, tus huab tais tau tso cai rau nws hloov pauv nws tsev neeg lub npe los ntawm Nwgễn 阮 rau Hàn 韓, vim tias qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim dhau los hauv Suav teb rau kws sau paj huam-kws tshawb fawb Hàn Yau 愈 愈 (768-824)). Qhov xwm txheej muaj feem hauv Khob định Kevệtsử Thuam-giám C.ương mavục 定 越定 史 通通 鑑 鑑 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 綱 目 目 目 目b, 7p.26 ib⁴ raws li uas, Hàn Thuyên yog txawj sau ntawv Shih tso, thiab ntau tus neeg coj qauv tom qab nws.⁵

    Ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm cov lus tseeb no, Hàn Thuyên tau thov kom ua tus inventor ntawm Chữ NimCov. Xws yog lub tswv yim ntawm P. Pelliot⁶ thiab H. MasperoCov. Cov tom kawg uas tau sib qhia P. Pelliot's views, tseem hais ib stele tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Ho Thang sơn, Ninh Binh xeev, Nyab Laj Qaum Teb.⁷ Tus yawg no ris ib lub npe sau los ntawm xyoo 1343 thiab cov uas yuav nyeem tau nees nkaum Nyablaj zos thiab cov npe me nyob hauv Chữ Nim.

    Cov kev xav saum toj no tsis tau lees txais yog tsis muaj lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tau. Nwgễnyob rau hauv T.ố presumed tias Qhov chaw tau tej zaum muaj ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua yim thaum lub npe ntawm Bố Cai Ðạkuv V.ương 蓋 蓋 大 王 (Txiv thiab niam ntawm cov neeg) tau muab los ntawm nws tus successor thiab nws kawm Phoo Hưng, leej twg, hauv xyoo 791, tau thim tawm Suav teb tus tswv xeev thiab txeeb ntawm cov Cov Pov Thaiv ntawm Annam.⁸ Xws li yog tseem lub tswv yim ntawm Dương qwảng Huam hauv nws Keeb kwm luv ntawm ntawv Nyab Laj.⁹

    Ib qho kev xav thib peb yog kev nce qib hauv xyoo 1932 los ntawm lwm tus neeg txawj ntse hauv Nyab Laj, Sở Cuồng, leej twg sim los ua pov thawj Chữ Nim sau rov qab los ntawm Shih-Hsieh 燮 燮 (187-226 AD.). Nws cov lus sib cav tsuas yog so rau ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm Nyablaj confucianist tus kws tshaj lij hauv qab huab tais Tự-Ðức, paub los ntawm lub npe ntawm Nwgễua San 文 文 珊 thiab lub pseudonym ntawm Văn Ða cư-sib 多 多 居 士Cov. Hauv nws phau ntawv muaj cai ÐạNam Quốc -nugữ 南 南 國 語, tus kws tshawb fawb no tau hais tias Shih Chaw , yog thawj zaug sim txhais Cov Ntawv Suav Ua Nyab Laj rau hauv Nyab Laj los ntawm kev siv cov cim Suav los ua cov cim suab los hloov cov lus ntawm haiv neeg Nyablaj. Ntawm cov teeb meem liam ntsib los ntawm Shih Xis nyob rau hauv nws sim, nws hais ob piv txwv: sui qho 鳩 鳩, (lub osprey) thiab yaj tao 桃 桃, (tha carambola lossis willow txiv duaj), uas nws tsis paub tias tus noog zoo li cas thiab muaj cov txiv ntoo zoo li cas hauv Nyab Laj. So Cuồng pab mus rau Văn Ða cư-sĩ tus lub tswv yim, txawm hais tias nws tu siab hais tias tus sau no tsis muab cov ntawv pov thawj rau nws cov lus. Hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm nws, nws muab cov lus hauv qab no:

1) Thaum lub sijhawm Shih Xis, thaum thawj tus neeg Nyablaj tsim ntawv Suav, lawv tuaj yeem nkag siab tsuas yog siv lus Nyab Laj thiab lawv cov xibfwb Chineses yuav tsum tau siv cov cim Suav zoo li muaj lub suab zoo xws li cov lus Nyablaj los qhia tus Nyablaj yuav nyeem qee tus tsiaj ntawv Suav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, vim tias Suav lub suab thiab cov cim tsis tuaj yeem sau txhua hom lus ntawm Nyab Laj, tom qab ntawd cov tub ntxhais kawm Nyablaj yuav tsum tau sim sau cov chaw seem los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Suav los ua cov cim tshiab ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Suav sau ntawv li Hsiai chaw, chi xaj, Thiab hui-liCov. Nws yog txoj hauv kev no Chữ Nim yog yuav muaj tau devised.

2) Ntau yam ntxiv, Shih Xis yog ib txwm nyob ntawm Kuang-Hsin 信 信, qhov twg, raws li tus Ling wai tai tau 外 外 代 答, los ntawm Chu ch'u Fei 外 外 代 答, nyob hauv Txhuas , tau muaj ib lub sijhawm dhau los dhau sijhawm, qhov ntawv sau hauv zos zoo ib yam li Nyablaj chaw NimCov. Xws li, ([1] = me me) thiab ([2] = ntsiag to).

[ob]:      [ob]: 

3) Qhov muaj ob leeg Nyab Laj daim ntaub Bố, txiv thiab 蓋 Ciav, niam raws li pom nyob rau hauv lub npe posthumous ntawm Bố-Ci ÐạiVương muab rau Phùng-H.ưng tau keeb kwm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws tshwm sim rau kev siv chaw Nim nyob rau hauv lub yim caug xyoo. Tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub Inh, Ðạkuv Cồ Việt, nom nom lub npe ntawm tus Nyab Laj kuj suav nôm tus cwj pwm 瞿 Cồ, Hauv qab no Trần muaj yog ib tug heev siv ntawm Chữ Nim raws li pov thawj los ntawm kev coj ntawm lub ces Tsev Hais Plaub Minister hu ua Hành Khibển , leej twg siv los piav txog kev txiav txim siab kev ua neeg nrog Chữ nôm thiaj li ua rau lawv to taub zoo dua los ntawm cov neeg.¹⁰

    Tag nrho cov kev pom raws li tau hais los saum toj no muaj qee qhov ntsiab lus zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tug neeg tau raug cai txaus los ua saws raws li muaj tseeb rau hnub tim ntawm kev tsim muaj ntawm Chữ nôm.

    Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Chữ Nim, deb ntawm kev tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg qee zaum hauv keeb kwm Nyab Laj, yuav tsum tau xaiv los ua cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntau pua xyoo ntawm tus neeg mob thiab tsis meej. Xws li yog qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo tshaj feem ntau tau mus txog los ntawm kws tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Chữ Nim.

   Raws li yav tas los txhais, Chữ Nim suav cov hauv paus ntawm Nyab Laj kev yoog ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Suav qiv. Raws li, nws qhov kev tsim kho tuaj yeem pom tau tsuas yog nyob rau theem ib theem thaum qhov kev paub ntawm Suav cov tsiaj ntawv tau muaj dav txaus nyob hauv Nyab Laj.

    Thawj tus neeg Nyablaj uas tau siv Suav cov tsiaj ntawv siv yog ob peb tus neeg nkag siab txhaum cai. Xws li yog rooj plaub nrog Li-Tiến 進 進, L -C Nwsầm 琴 琴, Trươtwg Trọng 重 重 (ob xyoo pua AD)). Tom qab ntawd, qee qhov kev txawj ntse no tau los ua cov kws sau paj lug thiab paj huam poj niam hauv lus Suav tom qab qauv Suav. Xws li yog rooj plaub nrog Phung Ðái Tri 戴 戴 知 nws cov paj huam zoo nkauj tau ua tsaug rau Suav tus huab tais Kao Tsau of T'ang (618-626), Khươntawm Phụ 公 公 輔 ib qho ntawv tshaj tawm-cov paj huam uas leej twg tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv Suav anthologies.¹¹

    Thaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm nws mus rau lub T'ang ib co Chữ Nim cov qauv yuav raug tsim los sawv cev qee cov lus tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov npe ntawm chaw, cov tib neeg thiab cov npe nom hauv tebchaws Nyab Laj. Tsuas muaj ob peb qhov seem ntawm cov kev xav no tau pab txog tam sim no.

    Xws li daim ntaub Bố thiab 蓋 Ciav sau los ntawm ob tug tsiaj ntawv Suav uas lus Nyablaj nyeem zoo ib yam li lub suab ntawm ob hom lus yog neeg Nyab Laj.

   Txij xyoo kaum mus txog rau lub xyoo pua kaum peb, txawm hais tias Nyab Laj tau txais lawv lub teb chaws ywj pheej los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, cov ntawv sau Suav ib txwm muaj txoj cai tshwj xeeb uas ntxiv dag zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev saib xyuas pej xeem cov qauv tom qab Suav.¹² Yog vim li ntawd, cov neeg txawj ntse hais lus Nyab Laj thiaj li nthuav tawm lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev xav hauv cov cim hauv Suav. Tsis yog cov kws sau paj huam, cov lus tshaj lij thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tab sis kuj yog cov ntawv teev vaj ntxwv, nco rau tus Vaj, cov cai thiab cov cai lwm yam ... tau sau rau hauv Suav cov cim. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua daim ntawv sau ntawm Nyab Laj cov lus hauv Suav sau ntawv yuav tsis zoo li cov thawj neeg Nyab Laj txawj ntse hais los saum no. Daim foos yog neeg Suav tab sis cov ntawv yog lus Nyab Laj. Lwm qhov kev fwm, ntau yam ntawv Suav ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv hauv Suav teb uas cov neeg sau ntawv Nyablaj sim lawv txhais tes yog qhov tau nrhav rau cov ntawv Nyab Laj nyob hauv Chữ NimCov. Raws li deb li cov Nôm ntawv yog tshwj xeeb yog kev txhawj xeeb, kev siv ntawm ob Nim cim 蓋 Bố thiab 蓋 Ciav lig nyob rau hauv lub yim xyoo pua thiab hais tias ntawm lub Nim cim Cồ hauv lub xyoo pua kaum yog qhov qhia ncaj ncees uas qee cov qauv ntawm Chữ Nim tau coj los ntawm Nyab Laj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm yim mus txog kaum xyoo.

   Dhau li ntawm nôm cim li Bố, Ciav, Cồ, lwm tus yuav tau tsim txog tib lub sijhawm ntawm ob lub suab thiab los ntawm kev siv cov lus Suav. Piv txwv li, lus Nyab Laj ua piv txwv mot (ib tug), Thiab ta (Kuv, peb) yog ntu sau los ntawm Suav cov cim thiab nrog lawv cov suab ntawv nyeem. Cov lus nyab laj, c y kuj, cấy, ruong, bếp tau muab sau ua ntu zus los ntawm Suav cov cim 耕, 稼, 田, 灶, thiab nrog lawv cov nyeem semantic.¹³ Raws li xws li lwm yam ntau ua kom zoo zoo qauv ntawm Chữ Nim raws li cov coined ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev sau ntawv Suav hui-li thiab hsieh-shêng, lawv yuav tsum tau tsim ua ntej tom qab, tej zaum tom qab Suav Sino-Nyab Laj tau coj tus yam ntxwv tseeb.¹⁴

    Mus saib lub ntsab lug, Chữ Nim tsis tau tsim dua ib hmo kom muab tso rau ntawm pov tseg ntawm Hàn Thuyên rau kev sau paj huam thiab paj huam prosa tab sis nws cov txheej txheem tsim yuav tsum tau ncab mus ntau pua pua xyoo los ntawm kev pib ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua yim ua ntej mus txog qee qhov kev kawm tiav hauv qab Liab qab Cov. Nws tau tom qab txhim kho successively los ntawm nws cov neeg siv los ntawm lub txiv duaj, mus rau Nguyen ua ntej lub ntsiab rau ib tug txheeb ze fixity nyob rau hauv xws li nrov nrov qhia paj lug raws li Kim Vân Kiều 雲 雲 翹 thiab Lục Vân Tiên 雲 雲 仙 thiab lwm yam ...

… Txuas ntxiv rau ntu 2…

KOJ NTXIV:
◊  CHỮ NÔM los yog Cov Ntawv Hmoob Nyab Laj Yav Dhau Los thiab Cov Lus Sau Txog Yav Tas Los Hauv Suav Sau Ntawv - Ntu 2.
◊  CHỮ NÔM los yog Cov Ntawv Hmoob Nyab Laj Yav Dhau Los thiab Cov Lus Sau Txog Yav Tas Los Hauv Suav Sau Ntawv - Ntu 3.

LUS CIM:
¹  Việt Hán Từ ểiển Tối Tân 漢 漢 辭 典 最 新 典 新 新, 新 漢 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 新 Nhà sách Chin Hoa, Saigon 1961, nplooj 549: Nôm = 字 字{印 印 < 國 國 的 字 >}. 
²  Việt Nam Tự ểiển, Hội Khai-Trí Tiến-Ðức Khởi-Thảo, Saigon Hanoi, Văn Mới 1954. 370: Nôm = Tiếng nói thông của dân Việt Nam đối với chữ Nho. 
³  Nco Ntsoov 時 時 任, Hải ÐôÐông chí lược " 東 東 誌 略 ". 
⁴ Nyob Zoo, Chữ Nôm, Qhov Txheej Txheem Cwj Pwm ntawm Kev Sau Ntawv hauv Nyab Laj, Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm American Oriental SocietyCov. Phau Ntawv Nkauj 79, Naj Npawb 4, Kaum Hli Tim 1959. nplooj 271. 
⁵  Hy詮iv ‡ 青海陽i gva¨ ‡ g c以此v以此— ‡ i G ‡ m ‡ Q | [Nguyen Thuyen ntawm Thanh Lam koog tsev kawm, Hai Duong xeev, tau zoo ntawm paj huam, ntau tus neeg yoog thiab tom qab ntawd sau lub teb chaws sau paj huam.] ( 定 越 越 史 通鑑 綱目 綱目 綱目 綱目). 
⁶  P. Pelliot, “YogPremière étude sur les sources Annamites de l'histoire d'Annam. ” YOOJ YIM t. IV, nplooj ntawv 621, nco ntsoov. 
⁷  H. Maspero, “TusEtudes sur la phonétique keeb kwm de la langue Annamite. Les pib”BEFO, t. XII, tsis muaj 1, nplooj 7, ceeb toom 1. 
⁸  Nguyễn Văn Tố ”Phan Kế Bính Việt Hán Văn Khảo, Etudes sur la l'étricent Sino-Annamite 2 kho kom raug. "(Cov nom Has, Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm du Trung-Bắc Tân Văn, 1930 hauv 8, 175 p.) BEFO, t. XXX, 1930, No. 1-2 Janvier-Juin, pp 141-146. 
⁹  Dương Quảng Huam, Việt Nam Văn-Học Sử-Yếu, hauv lần thứ bảy, Bộ Quốc Gia Giáo Dục, Saigon 1960 daim 101. 
¹⁰  Nyob zoo, "Nco nco koj os. ” Nam Phong, Tsi muaj 172, Maiv 1932, p. 495-498. 
¹¹  Nguyễn Ngi Chi, Việt Nam Cổ Văn Học Sử, Hàn Thuyên, Hanoi, 1942, phab 87-91. 
¹²  Lub rooj sib tham thaum ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev saib xyuas pej xeem hauv tebchaws Nyablaj hnub tim 1075 hauv qab Lý Nhân Tôn (1072-1127)). Saib Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Nam Sử Lược, hauv lần thứ Nhất Trung Bắc Tân Văn, Hanoi 1920, nplooj 81. 
¹³  Nguyễn Quang Xỹ, Vũn Vín Kính, Tự-Ðiển Chữ Nôm,, Trung Tâm Học Liệu, Saigon 1971. 
¹⁴  H. Maspero, “TusLe dialecte de Tch'ang Ngan”, BEFO, 1920. Mineya Toru, 根 谷 徹 徹, 漢字 漢字 越南 音 の 研究 研究 研究 研究 [Nghiên cứu âc chữ Hán ở Việt Nam], 文庫 文庫, 昭和 47 年 3 hlis 25hnub.

LUS CIM:
* Nguyễn Khắc Kham (23/12/1910, Tebchaws Hanoi - ), cwj mem-npe Lãng Xuyên thiab Lãng Hồ, Xibfwb Emeritus, tuav Daim Ntawv Tso Cai ès-Lettres (Sorbonne, Fab Kis, 1934) thiab Daim Ntawv Tso Cai en Droit (Kws qhia ntawv txoj cai, Paris, 1934), qhia ntawm Gia-Long, Thăng-Long, Văn-Lang, Hoài-Ðức (Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab), thiab Chu Văn-An (tsev kawm ntawv theem siab) hauv Hanoi (1937-1946), qhia ntawm University of Hanoi, Kws Qhia Ntawv (1952-1954), thiab Pétrus Ký thiab Chu Văn-An (Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Phab Siab Phaj Siab) hauv Saigon, tus xibfwb ntawm University of Saigon, Kws Tshaj Lij Cov Ntawv thiab Kws Qhia Ntawv (1954-1967), tau mus saib tus xibfwb ntawm Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (1967-1973), tau ua haujlwm xyuas Kev Tuaj Saib Xyuas tom Ostasiatisches Seminar, Frankfurt (1966-1967), thiab tam li yog ib tug thawj coj sawv cev ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Keeb Kwm; Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Ris Dej; Tus Secretary General ntawm Nyab Laj Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Nyab Laj rau UNESCO; Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Cov Tsev Qiv Ntawv Qiv Ntawv, tau txais txiaj ntsig Kev Kawm Txuj Ci thiab Kab lis kev cai los ntawm Nyab Laj Ministry of Education, yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Pab Pawg Muab Tswv Yim ntawm Southeast Asia, International Quarterly, Southern Illinois University (SIU) ntawm Carbondale (1969-1974), yog Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Koom Tes ntawm Center for South thiab Southeast Asia Studies thiab Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California ntawm Berkeley (1982-1991), tau ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ISA (Independent Scholars of Asia, cov uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, tsis muaj neeg ncaj ncees, cov koom haum tshaj lij), Berkeley, California hauv tebchaws Asmeskas (1982-2000), thiab tus tswvcuab ntawm Pab Pawg Saib Xyuas Haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Nyab Xeeb, Garden Grove, California (1982-hnub no).

** Cov npe ntawm ntu, ntawv sau loj thiab cov duab sepia tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ntawm Ban Tu Thu - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com
Source: Lub koom haum ntawm Sino-Nom cov kev tshawb fawb.

NTUJ TU TU THƯ
03 / 2020